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Mihail Roco, National
Science Foundation
Plenary Lecture
National Nanotechnology Initiative: The Long-term View
Nanotechnology has opened an era of scientific convergence and technological
integration with the promise of broad societal implications. The foundation
of understanding, manufacturing and medicine is changing from the macro
and micro domains to the nanoscale, where all fundamental material structures,
properties and functions are defined. Research and development (R&D)
provides new transforming tools at the confluence with biotechnology, information
technology and cognitive sciences. It is expected that this general purpose
technology will affect almost all sectors of the economy, and will cause
structural changes in markets, industrial organizations and business models.
This makes it all the more critical that we strike a proper balance between
the promised benefits, and the necessary measures to mitigate and prepare
for possible undesirable secondary effects.
Four generations of nanotechnology products and the respective manufacturing
methods have been identified: passive nanostructures, active nanostructures,
system of nanosystems with three-dimensional nanosystems, and heterogeneous
molecular nanosystems (1). Nanomanufacturing aims at building material structures,
components, devices/ machines, and systems with nanoscale features in one,
two and three dimensions. It includes bottom-up directed assembling of nanostructure
building blocks (from the atomic, molecular, supramolecular levels), top-down
high-resolution processing (ultraprecision engineering, fragmentation methods),
physico-chemical engineering of molecules and supramolecular systems (molecules
as devices "by design", nanoscale machines, etc.), and hierarchical
integration with larger scale systems. This requires a high degree of process
control in sensing and actuation of matter at the nanoscale, as well as
capabilities for scaling-up. The relevance of nanomanufacturing medical/health,
automotive, pharmaceutical, chemicals and defense will be illustrated. Designing
new atomic and molecular assemblies, active nanoscale devices, and directed
and multiscale selfassembling are expected to increase in importance. While
expectations from nanotechnology may be overestimated in short term, the
long-term implications on healthcare, productivity and environment appear
to be underestimated.
The U.S. National Nanotechnology Initiative (NNI) is a visionary, long-term
program at national level announced in January 2000 that coordinates 22
departments and independent agencies with a total budget of over $1 billion
in fiscal year 2005 (2, 3). A report on societal implications (4) and a
publication for the public were prepared in the first year of the NNI in
2000, and it was followed by a joint report with EU in 2002 (5), and an
NNI report in 2005 (6). As government investments worldwide approach $4
billion per year, expectations of nanotechnology R&D results, commercialization
and other potential benefits are raised, and concerns about unexpected societal
implications need to be answered to the public's satisfaction. Nanotechnology
has evolved into a field of broad international interest, increasing collaboration
and stimulating competition.
For the next five years, new priorities are envisioned in exploratory research
for active nanomaterials and nanosystems, as well as in new areas of relevance
in nanomedicine, energy conversion, food and agriculture, realistic simulations
at the nanoscale, molecular nanosystems, and improving human abilities.
Transiting to technological innovation will continue for nanostructured
materials, nanoelectronics, catalysts, and pharmaceuticals, development
of tools. A focus will be new frontiers for nanotechnology in 2005, and
advancement of societal goals such as education and sustainable development.
The presentation will outline the U.S. investment in the area of environmental,
health and safety (EHS), ethical, legal and other social implications (ELSI),
and aspects of risk governance. Since collaboration with industry is an
indispensable component of the NNI, this paper also outlines the current
interaction in the areas of EHS with various industry sectors, including
the electronic, chemical, and pharmaceutical sectors. |
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David Nagel, George
Washington University
Keynote Address
The Impact of Nano-Materials on Sensors
Sensors for physical, chemical or biological phenomena are used in most
industries. They are especially important for controlling manufacturing
processes, but they also find widespread use in other major industries.
Production of sensors and of the systems they enable is already a very significant
industry in itself.
Sensors depend on two basic factors, materials and mechanisms. New mechanisms
for sensing are found infrequently. However, new materials for sensors are
continually developed, tested and turned into products. The development
and commercial availability of nano-materials will lead to both improved
and new sensors. Because nano-materials have important structures on the
molecular scale, they will primarily be used for detecting and quantifying
chemical and biological substances.
This presentation will review the principles, structures and operation of
current chemical sensors and biosensors. The review will show where new
nano-materials can fit into existing sensors. Examples of possibilities
will be given. Prospects for new nano-enabled sensors will also be examined.
Some significant challenges in improving existing sensors with nano-materials
and in making new nano-enabled sensors will be noted. Applications within
diverse industries and operations, including both military and homeland
security, will be cited. |
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Gang Bao, Georgia Tech
Introduction to Molecular Biology
Introduction to Cell Biology and Nanomedicine
The integration of nanotechnology and biology is expected to produce major
breakthroughs in molecular biology, bioengineering, biotechnology, medical
diagnostics and therapeutics. Recent advances in bionanotechnology and nanomedicine
include the studies of biomolecular nanomachines, the development of functional
nanoparticles, nanostructured probes and devices, and the application of
nanodevices to disease detection, therapy, or prevention. In this lecture
I will first introduce the fundamentals of cell biology, including basic
cellular structure and functions, molecular genetics, and nanomachines in
living cells. I will then discuss issues, opportunities and challenges in
nanomedicine. Specific examples will be given to illustrate the applications
of bionanotechnology to molecular imaging and cancer detection. |
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Gregory S. Blackman,
DuPont
Properties of Polymers & Interfaces
As particles or objects get smaller the atoms on their surface become a
larger and larger percentage of the total. In the extreme case of a carbon
nanotube all atoms present are on the surface and exposed to the environment.
This creates a situation where surface or interfacial properties can dominate
the behavior and cause unusual behavior. Surface charge, friction, adhesion,
are inordinately important to the end use property of the nanostructured
material. Trace impurities, especially if they surface segregate, can have
a large positive or negative impact on properties. The basics of surface
and interfacial science will be discussed including state of the art tools
used to understand the nature of those surfaces.
Polymers are important tools in nanotechnology because their molecular weight
and structure causes them to fit comfortably in the nano realm. Small changes
in length, architecture, ordering or side groups can change a polymer from
a liquid to a solid, from a rubber to a glass. The size scale makes them
convenient as a nanostructured material in their own right, but they are
also useful as a scaffold to orient and arrange other nanomaterials. Polymer
science is a huge field and no attempt to cover it all, but those aspects
that are particularly relevant to the nanoscale world will be discussed. |
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Hugh A. Bruck, University
of Maryland
Mechanical Properties of Materials
Mechanics of Nanostructures, by Rod Ruoff
This course presents mechanics of nanostructures. We discuss boundary conditions,
and methods to mechanically resonate (to fit modulus), or to tensile or
compressively load (to obtain strengths, for example). The atomic structures
of several different nanostructures are presented to address the question:
Are the composition and structure uniform across the cross-section, and
if not, what can be learned about mechanical constants from fits to experimental
data? We discuss theory/modeling prediction of nanostructure fracture strengths
and the challenges faced. Finally, we discuss several fascinating examples
from living systems, such as molecular motors and their dynamics, and mechanics
of adhesion of the gecko foot. |
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Venkat Chandrasekhar, Northwestern
University
Mesoscopic and Nanometer Scale Physics
Although the general perception is that quantum mechanics is a difficult
subject to understand, the principles of quantum mechanics are becoming
increasingly relevant in many high technology industries. Indeed, the
foundation of the modern semiconductor industry is based on exploiting
quantum mechanical phenomena in solid-state devices. This is especially
true of the new field of nanotechnology, for it is well known that quantum
phenomena cannot be ignored when the dimensions of devices approach the
atomic scale.
In this lecture, I will begin by briefly reviewing some of the principles
of quantum mechanics, and show some examples of common devices that exploit
quantum phenomena. I will then describe some of the early experiments
in mesoscopic physics, the precursor to nanoscale science, which demonstrate
the unusual quantum phenomena that can be observed in small scale systems.
Finally, I will conclude by discussing some of the new devices that have
been proposed based on the exploitation of quantum mechanics in nanoscale
systems.
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Ioannis Chasiotis,
University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign
Scanning Probe Microscopy
This tutorial aims at providing links between basic principles and the
state-of-the-art in Scanning Probe Microscopy (SPM). Special emphasis
is given to phenomena that are exclusive to the nanoscale as well as advanced
SPM applications and practical tips.
Topics include:
- Fundamentals and applications of static and dynamic scanning
probe microscopy
- Micro and nanoscale contact mechanics and AFM tip-surface interactions
in the nanoscale contact region
- Capabilities and limitations of SPM methodologies and instrumentation
- Current state of the art in quantitative analyses via SPMs
- Quantitative mechanical characterization via SPMs - properties
mapping at the nanoscale
- Applications of SPMs in nanoscale imaging, mechanical/chemical/electrical/magnetic
sensing with cantilevers, metrology, nanoscale manipulation, nanolithography,
applications in biological sciences, and micro/nanoelectronics.
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Yi Cui, University of
California, Berkeley
Principles of Self-Assembly
Self-assembly is the way biological systems use to build complex things.
There is a good opportunity to use this strategy for many areas of technologies.
Here I will present you with the motivation, research status and future
outlook of self-assembly.
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Vinayak Dravid, Northwestern
University
Electron Microscopy & Spectroscopy
Critical to the development of Nanoscience and Nanotechnologies are the
tools and techniques to construct and analyze nanostructures at the elusive
1-100 nm scale. This length-scale is ideal for the application of conventional
and advanced electron microscopy/ spectroscopy techniques.
Electrons enjoy several advantages over other radiation sources for materials
analysis: Electrons have "mass" - which leads to dynamic interactions
and numerous useful analytical signals; electrons are "charged"
- which allows manipulation of trajectories to produce either a highly collimated
(parallel) or focused (down to < 0.2 nm) electron probes; and electrons
have ultra-short wavelength - which helps enhance imaging resolution down
to single atomic scale.
The presentation will cover various concepts in electron microscopy and
spectroscopy, in the context of conventional and emerging techniques, ranging
from ultra-high resolution FEG SEM to atomic-scale Z-contrast imaging to
aberration correctors. Modern electron microscopy/spectroscopy offer imperative
set of tools and techniques necessary for research, quality-control, defect
analysis, and novel measurements of nanostructures and nano-scale phenomena.
Magnetism & Magnetic Materials
Magnetism is one of the oldest "observable" phenomena with a clear
and well-defined atomistic origin. The historical account of magnetism and
its interactions with mankind goes back thousands of years.
In the context of modern "Nanotechnology", magnetism offers an
outstanding example of length-scale dependence, and an opportunity to exploit
it in a range of technological relevant fields: from data storage media
to magnetofluidics to novel biodiagnostic tools, and numerous topics in-between.
The presentation will not only cover fundamentals and basic definitions,
description and account of various magnetic properties, phenomena and jargon
(e.g., ferro/ferri-magnetism, superparamagnetism etc.), but will put all
of these in the context of novel, emerging and established devices and technologies.
Practical considerations and class-room demonstrations will be added to
highlight various niche' peculiarities of nano-magnetism in modern science
and technology. |
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Gary L. Harris, Howard University
Microfabrication & Integration
This lecture will introduce participants to the rapidly emerging, multi-disciplinary,
and exciting field of MicroElectroMechanical Systems (MEMS) and its integration
in to many technical areas. The fundamentals of micromachining and microfabrication
techniques, including planar thin-film process technologies, photolithographic
techniques, deposition and etching techniques in several materials, and
surface, bulk, and electroplating micromachining technologies will be
discussed. The lecture will cover many designs briefly and rely on knowledge
from different disciplines. The lecture will cover both sensing and actuators
type devices, which use a number of electromechanical, electrothermal,
capacitive, and Piezoresistive techniques. This course is designed to
allow participants from many disciplines to take it without having too
many prerequisites.
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Mark Hersam,
Northwestern University
Electronic Devices
This presentation introduces the challenges and unique opportunities presented
by electronics at the nanometer scale. The first half of the presentation
will discuss the advantages and limitations of conventional integrated circuit
technology as it is scaled down to shorter length scales. The second half
of the presentation will discuss nanoelectronic alternatives including resonant
tunneling diodes, single electron devices, quantum cellular automata, molecular
electronics, and carbon nanotube electronics. |
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James Hone, Columbia
University
Mechanical Devices
Nanoelectromechanical systems (NEMS) offer the promise of high-frequency,
high-sensitivity devices for a wide range of applications, including ultrasensitive
detection, high-frequency signal processing, and the investigation of mechanical
motion at the nanoscale and in the quantum limit. I will discuss the motivation
for NEMS, the fabrication of NEMS devices, and readout schemes, and assess
the current state of the art and future directions for fabrication and readout.
I will discuss promising applications for NEMS devices. Finally, I will
review the mechanics of nanotubes and other nanomaterials, and discuss our
efforts to use them for NEMS devices.
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Daniel Kosov, University
of Maryland
Introduction to Statistical Mechanics
The fundamental goal of statistical mechanics is to understand how the microscopic
dynamics of atoms in a material control and determine its macroscopic properties.
After a brief review of basic principles of statistical mechanics I will
give a detailed account of computational applications of statistical mechanics,
particularly molecular dynamics simulations. In addition to presenting overview
of statistical mechanics, the lecture aims to heighten awareness of the
capabilities of the computational statistical mechanics in order to stimulate
its application to a wide range of nanotechnological problems. |
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Luke Lee, University
of California, Berkeley
Microfluidic/Bioanalytical Devices
Nanobiophotonics with BASICs and BioPOEMS for Nanomedicine
In order to interface molecular/cellular biology with nanotechnology for
future molecular medicine, nanophotonic crescent moons, Biologic Application
Specific Integrated Circuits (BASICs), Biomolecular Polymer Opto-Electro
Mechanical Systems (BioPOEMS) are developed. Our philosophy for the development
of nanophotonic devices, BASIC modules, and BioPOEMS is to create effective
tools for future biological and biomedical lab-on-a-chip applications and
microscale in-vivo microscopy.
Novel gold nanophotonic crescent moon structures with a sub-10 nm sharp
edge, which can enhance local electromagnetic field at the edge area are
developed for molecular/cellular imaging and therapeutic applications. The
formation of unconventional nanophotonic crescent moon structure is accomplished
by the interfacing both bottom-up and top-down methods, which allows an
effective batch nanofabrication and precise controls of nanostructure shapes.
Advanced BASICs can be created by connecting existing and novel nanofluidic
circuits for biological analysis in new ways. We are creating a library
of these "building blocks" in order to develop multifunctional
biochip systems. In order to build a solid foundation of future quantitative
biology and bioinformatics, we are currently developing critical modules
of BASIC such as Integrated Multiple Patch-clamp Array Chip Technology (IMPACT),
a single cell analysis chip, sample preparation chip, a cell lysing chip,
a cell manipulator, and a cell culture chip.
The key elements of the BioPOEMS are disposable nanofluidic devices and
biophotonic devices with nanophotonic molecular probes. As examples of microscale
BioPOEMS, micro-Confocal Imaging Array (mCIA), disposable Self-aligned Integrated
Microfluidic Optical Devices (SIMOD), microarrays of total internal reflection
fluorescent microscopy (mTIRFM) on-a-chip, and Biologically-Inspired Optical
Systems (BiOS) are developed for ultrafast multiplexed single cell analysis,
cell-cell communication studies, cellular imaging, and lab automation. For
nanoscale BioPOEMS, nanostructured Surface-Enhanced Raman Scattering (nSERS)
substrate, and plasmon-based nanophotonic devices, nanogap biomolecular
junctions, and smart nano-crescent moons are being developed for single
molecular detection biochip, label-free bioassays, protein folding/unfolding
detection, and molecular imaging.
In this talk I will review the challenges and achievements in nanobiophotonic
devices, hybrid integration of different modules of BASIC, and BioPOEMS
for ultrasensitive molecular diagnostics and future nanomedicine.
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Pam Norris, University
of Virginia
Thermal Properties of Materials
Numerous thermal issues, which have been largely overlooked, currently limit
the performance of modern devices; therefore, the thermal properties of
nanoscale materials and devices are of critical importance for the continued
development of high tech systems. This increased need for an understanding
of the fundamental energy transport mechanisms has given rise to a field
of study called microscale heat transfer. Microscale heat transfer is simply
the study of thermal energy transfer when the individual carriers must be
considered, or when the continuum model breaks down. |
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Teri Odom, Northwestern
University
Nanoparticles & Nanowires
This talk will focus on several important aspects of nanocrystals, nanotubes,
and nanowires including: (i) their synthesis and characterization, (ii)
their manipulation and assembly into architectures for nanoscale devices,
and (iii) their application in nanoelectronics, photonics, and sensor technologies. |
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Rajeev Ram, Massachusetts
Institute of Technology
Electronic & Optical Properties of Materials
Optical Devices
This lecture will review the fundamental science and technology of optical
devices. The basic devices that will be covered include photodetectors,
LEDs, lasers, and light modulators. The goal will be to cover the basic
function of solid- state optical devices and their nanoscale analogues.
Specifically, optical devices utilizing quantum dots and nanoparticles as
well as organic molecules and molecular solids as their active elements
will be reviewed. |
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Rod Ruoff, Northwestern
University
Mechanical Properties of Materials
Mechanics of Nanostructures
This course presents mechanics of nanostructures. We discuss boundary conditions,
and methods to mechanically resonate (to fit modulus), or to tensile or
compressively load (to obtain strengths, for example). The atomic structures
of several different nanostructures are presented to address the question:
Are the composition and structure uniform across the cross-section, and
if not, what can be learned about mechanical constants from fits to experimental
data? We discuss theory/modeling prediction of nanostructure fracture strengths
and the challenges faced. Finally, we discuss several fascinating examples
from living systems, such as molecular motors and their dynamics, and mechanics
of adhesion of the gecko foot. |
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Ali Shakouri, University
of California, Santa Cruz
Thermoelectric Devices
Mutual interaction of heat and electricity is the origin of Seebeck, Peltier
and Thomson effects in bulk materials. These effects are the basis for thermocouples
used in temperature measurement and thermoelectric cooler modules used as
ultra compact solid-state refrigerators. Nanoscale engineering of materials
gives the opportunity to modify the fundamental thermoelectric transport
properties beyond what can be achieved in bulk materials. An overview of
the main issues affecting thermoelectric devices at nanoscale will be given.
These include quantum confinement due to wave nature of carriers, ballistic
transport due to limited scattering at small scales and interface effects
such as thermionic emission and evaporative cooling at heterostructures. |
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Ryan Vallance, George
Washington University
Nano Manufacturing and Metrology
Precision Positioning Systems for Nano Manufacturing and Metrology
This lecture will review the design and operation of nano positioning
systems, which are necessary for nano manufacturing and metrology. The lecture
will introduce materials, bearings, couplings, actuators, and sensors appropriate
for precision fine motion. Examples include flexural and aerostatic bearings,
piezo actuators, capactive displacement sensors and interferometers. Their
application will be discussed in various positioning systems used for scanning
probe microscopy and manufacturing equipment. |
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Younan Xia, University
of Washington
Soft & Imprint Lithography
Soft lithography - a collection of unconventional patterning techniques
based on printing, molding, and embossing with a transparent elastomeric
stamp, represents a new conceptual approach to the fabrication and manufacturing
of new types of structures and devices with lateral dimension ranging from
30 nm to 500 mm on planar, curved, or flexible substrates at low cost. It
also appears to become a promising route to structures and systems for emerging
applications that exceed the scope defined by classic photolithography.
This talk will focus on its principle, procedures, and materials.
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